RNR 448-548
Outdoor Recreation Management

Course Description

  • The goal of this course is to introduce the concepts and techniques used in the growing field of human use management in outdoor recreation settings. The focus of this course is on the sociological dimensions of the recreation experience and an understanding of the principles, practices, and dilemmas of outdoor recreation management in natural areas.

 

Locations and Times

  • Tuesday & Thursday 9:30am -10:45am - Biological Sciences East. Building. Rm. 225

 

Instructor Information

Randy Gimblett
Biological Sciences East Building, Rm. 206
Phone: 621-6360 (W)
Email: gimblett@ag.arizona.edu
Office Hours: To be arranged
Web: http://www.srnr.arizona.edu/~gimblett/recreation.html

 

Course Objectives:

The objectives of this course are to:

  • Explain theories and attributes of a recreation experience and understand how these experiences are affected by management and planning of recreation areas.
  • Understand factors affecting the demand for recreation resources and how to assess this demand
  • Methods to assess recreation opportunities, establish management standards and evaluate recreation impacts

 

Expected Outcomes:

By the end of this course the student should be able to:

  • Define recreation and leisure.
  • Discuss why outdoor recreation is important (i.e., what are its values and benefits to individuals and society?)
  • Describe the goals or aims of outdoor recreation management.
  • Describe (in a general way) the outdoor recreational visitors, their current recreational use levels, and what is the nature and extent of outdoor recreation resources.
  • List and discuss the primary factors or forces that affect the decision making in recreation management.
  • Apply a problem analysis process, learned during the semester, to analyze and solve various management problems.
  • Describe the management actions available to managers to solve specific management problems. Evaluate the pros and cons of different actions and select (and defend) the use of actions for specific management problems.
  • Develop an understanding of "current issues and trends" in recreation and describe ways in which these will affect you as a resource manager in the future.

 

Class format:

This class will be taught using lecture format, discussion groups, readings and field trip(s). You will be expected to attend each class period and will be on your own to get caught up if you miss class. Readings will be provided prior to the class. You will be expected to come to class prepared to discuss these readings.


Class overview: The class has been divided into the following five modules. Each has been structured to provide you with state of the art information in the field of human management. They are as follows:

 

What is it?

  • An Introduction to Outdoor Recreation, Wilderness Values and Management
  • A general overview of definitions, benefits of outdoor recreation and goals of recreation management

What are the Issues?

  • A discussion of the issues surrounding the management and use of protected areas
  • Discussions will focus on the tradeoffs between protection and use. These will include wilderness values, solitude, overuse & crowding, recreation conflicts, carrying capacity, ecological impacts, commercial versus non-commercial uses of public lands, measuring visitor experience, wilderness versus non-wilderness management, safety/risk etc.

How is it done?

  • An evaluation of planning, management and assessment tools for protected area assessment
  • Methods for identifying recreation opportunities, constructing and evaluating management standards in protected areas.
  • Methods for acquiring visitor profiles through survey sampling and other field based methodologies (identifying your population sample and an evaluation of instruments and techniques.
  • Acquiring visitor estimates through the placement and calibration of mechanical counters
  • Field based methods for measuring recreation impacts.
  • The use of travel simulation models for evaluating visitor conflicts, encounter levels and impacts.

How do visitor management plans get developed and implemented?

  • What constitutes a management plan?
  • The use of management planning techniques such as zoning of recreation opportunities.
  • Develop standards and monitoring protocols

 

Grading Policy

Final course grades will be based on:

  • Article critiques     (20%)
  • Midterm Exam      (30%)
  • Research Paper      (35%)
  • Final Presentation  (15%)

 

Evaluation criteria: 

  • Article Critiques
    This course is structured around a considerable amount of reading. You will be asked to review pertinent papers in sections of this course and develop a critique (I will tell you when this will happen). You will be asked in class to discuss your views. These critiques will be structured to get you thinking about important issues and to how to construct solutions.
  • Midterm Exam
    There will be one take home exam in this course. The content of exams will be based on the lectures, discussions and readings. Exams will consist mostly of short answer questions, multiple choice, and brief essays. You will be expected to apply what you have learned to solve problems; to integrate and synthesize material; and to think critically and analytically.
  • Research paper and presentation

You will be asked to develop a research paper that relates to some of the content in this class. I will provide the guidelines for this paper sometime during the semester. In addition you will be asked to do a formal presentation of that paper or material surrounding the paper to the class. I have structured time at the end of the semester for paper presentations.

 

Attendance Policy

·         You will be expected to attend all classes. If you have to miss class, please send the instructor an email to provide sufficient warning that you will be absent. It will be up to the student to get caught up on the materials missed during that time. There will be no make up of missed exams unless by permission of the instructor.

       

Special Needs and Accommodations Statement

Students who need special accommodation or services should contact the SALT (Strategic Alternatives Learning Techniques) Center for Learning Disabilities (SALT Center, Old Main PO Box 210021, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0021,  (520) 621-1242 FAX (520) 621-9448 TTY (520) 626-6072), http://www.salt.arizona.edu/, and/or the Disability Resources Center, 1540 E. 2nd Street, PO Box 210064, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0064, (520)621-3268, FAX (520)621-9423, http://drc.arizona.edu/.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Schedule

 

August             25 - Introduction to the Class

27 - Introduction to Outdoor Recreation

September          1 - Benefits of Outdoor Recreation

  3 - Human Behavior in the Natural Environment

  8 - “        “  “         “  “   “   “        “  “                “

10 - Issues Surrounding Recreation Management of Protected Areas

15 - Introduction to Wilderness Management

17 - Wilderness A

22 - Wilderness B

24 - Visitor Experience

29 - Methods for identifying recreation opportunities in protected areas (ROS)

October                          1 - Setting Standards with Limits of Acceptable Change

  6 - Levels of Sustainable Activity

  8 - Methods for acquiring visitor profiles

13 - Overview of Visitor Monitoring

15 - Visitor Monitoring Systems

20 - Placement and calibration of mechanical monitoring devices

22 - Acquiring Accurate Visitor Samples and Calculating Visitor Estimates

27 - Field based methods for measuring recreation impacts

29 - Conflicts – Resolving conflicts in Outdoor Recreation Settings

November         3 - Conflicts – Resolving conflicts in Outdoor Recreation Settings

                          5 - Presentations (2)

10 - Take Home Exam – No Class

12 - Take Home Exam – No Class

17 - Presentations (2)

19 - Presentations (2)

24 - Presentations (2)

26 - ******************* Thanksgiving Break *****************

December          2 - Presentations (2)

  3 - Presentations (2)

  8 - Presentations (2)

10 - Presentations (3) ……Last Day of Classes

 

Class Lectures

  • Recreation Introduction [Download pdf]
  • Evolution and Human Behavior [Download pdf]
  • The Wilderness Act [Download pdf]
  • Recreation Opportunities Spectrum [Download pdf]
  • Planning and Management of Protected Areas [Download pdf]
  • Wilderness Planning [Download pdf]
  • Visitor Estimation [Download pdf]
  • Visitor Sampling and Impacts [Download pdf]
  • Recreation Impacts [Download pdf]
  • The Effects of Human Activity on Wildlife [Download pdf]
  • Recreation Conflicts [Download pdf]

    • Class Readings

    Readings – August

    • McCool, S. Social Science Research and Planning in the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex. International Journal of Wilderness. Volume 11, Number 2. August 2005. [Download pdf]
    • Nilsen, P. The Role of Social Science in Parks Canada’s National Monitoring Program. 5th International SAMPAA Conference. May 11-16, 2003. [Download pdf]
    • Endter-Wada, J., D. Blahna, R. Krannich and M. Brunson. A Framework for Understanding Social Science Contributions to Ecosystem Management. Ecological Applications, Vol. 8, No. 3. August 1998. pp. 891-904. [Download pdf]

     

     

    Readings – September

    • Appleton, J. The Experience of Landscape - Part A. John Wiley & Sons. 1975 [Download pdf]
    • Appleton, J. The Experience of Landscape - Part B. John Wiley & Sons. 1975 [Download pdf]
    • Kaplan, R. & S. Kaplan. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press. 1989. [Download pdf]

     

    Readings – September

    • Borrie, W. T., S. McCool and G. Stankey. Protected Area Planning Principles and Strategies. In Lindberg, K., Wood, M.E., and Engeldrum, D. (Eds.) (1998). Ecotourism: A guide for Planners and Managers, Volume 2, pp. 133-154. The Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, VT. [ Download pdf]
    • Grand Canyon Private Boaters Versus Grand Canyon National Park.[ Download pdf]
    • Stephen F. McCool, Roger N. Clark, and George H. Stankey - An Assessment of Frameworks Useful for Public Land Recreation Planning.[ Download pdf]

     

    Readings - September

    • Hendee, J.C. & C. P. Dawson. Wilderness – Progress after Forty Years under the U.S. Wilderness Act. International Journal of Wilderness. Volume 10, Number 1. April 2004. [ Download pdf]
    • Kaye, Roger W. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: An Exploration of the Meanings Embodied in America’s Last Great Wilderness. In: Cole, David, McCool, Stephen F. 2000. Proceedings: Wilderness Science in a Time of Change. Proc.RMRS-P-000. Ogden. UT; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Science, Rocky Mountain Research Station. [ Download pdf]
    • Krumpe, E. The Role of Science in Wilderness Planning – A State-of-Knowledge Review. In: Cole, David, McCool, Stephen F. 2000. Proceedings: Wilderness Science in a Time of Change. Proc.RMRS-P-000. Ogden. UT; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Science, RMES. [ Download pdf]
    • Leopold, A. The River of the Mother of God [1924]. In Aldo Leopold, S. L. Flader & J. Baird Callicott (Eds). The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison. 1991. [ Download pdf]
    • National Wilderness Preservation System. Wilderness.net. [ Download pdf]
    • Sharp. C. A Synthesis of the Wilderness Act of 1964. [ Download pdf]
    • McAvoy & Dustin. C. A Synthesis of the The Right to Risk in Wilderness [ Download pdf]
    • McAvoy & Dustin A The Right to Risk in Wilderness - A Rejoiner [ Download pdf]

     

    Additional Readings

    • Brown, G. Wilderness in Alaska – Is it Exceptional? International Journal of Wilderness. Volume 8, Number 2. August 2002.[ Download pdf]
    • Cole, D. N. & W. E. Hammitt. Wilderness Management Dilemmas: Fertile Ground for Wilderness Management Research. In: Cole, David, McCool, Stephen F. 2000. Proceedings: Wilderness Science in a Time of Change. Proc.RMRS-P-000. Ogden. UT; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Science, Rocky Mountain Research Station. [ Download pdf]
    • Cole. D. Wilderness Experiences – What should we be Managing for? International Journal of Wilderness. December 2004. Volume 10, Number 3.[ Download pdf]
    • Cordell, K. M.A. Tarrant & G. Green. Is the Public Viewpoint of Wilderness Shifting? International Journal of Wilderness. Volume 9, Number 2. August 2003.[Download pdf]
    • Frome. M. A Wilderness Challenge. International Journal of Wilderness. Volume 11, Number 1. August 2005. [ Download pdf]
    • Shultis, J. Consuming Nature: The Uneasy Relationship Between Technology, Outdoor Recreation and Protected Areas. George Wright Society Forum. Volume 18, Number 1, 2001. Pgs 56-66. [ Download pdf]

     

    Readings - September

    • Freimund, W. & D. Cole. Use Density, Visitor Experience, and Limiting Recreational use in Wilderness: Progress to Date and Research Needs. Pages 3-8. In: Visitor Use Density and Wilderness Experience: Proceedings. Missoula, Montana, June 1-3, 2000. Gen Tech. Rep. RMRS-P-20. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. August 2001.[ Download pdf]
    • Cole, D. Visitor Use Density and Wilderness Experiences: A Historical Review of Research. Pgs 11-20. In: Visitor Use Density and Wilderness Experience: Proceedings. Missoula, Montana, June 1-3, 2000. Gen Tech. Rep. RMRS-P-20. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. August 2001. [ Download pdf]
    • McCool, S. Limiting Recreational Use in Wilderness: Research Issues and Management Challenges in Appraising Their Effectiveness. Pg 49-55. In: Visitor Use Density and Wilderness Experience: Proceedings. Missoula, Montana, June 1-3, 2000. Gen Tech. Rep. RMRS-P-20. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. August 2001.[ Download pdf]

     

    • Readings – September
    • Brunson, M. Beyond Wilderness: Broadening the Applicability of Limits of Acceptable Change. In: McCool, S.F.& Cole, David N. comps.,1998. Proceedings- Limits of Acceptable Change and related planning processes: progress and future directions. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-371. Ogden, UT. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. [ Download pdf]
    • Clark. R. and G. Stankey. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum: A Framework for Planning, Management, and Research. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report. PNW-98 December 1979. [ Download pdf]
    • Haider, Wolfgang. 2002. Stated Preference and Choice models- A Versatile Alternative to Traditional Recreation Research. Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas: conference proceedings. 115-121. [ Download pdf]
    • Stankey, G.H., D.N. Cole, R.C. Lucas, M.E. Petersen & S.S. Frissell. 1985. The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) System for Wilderness Planning. General Technical Report INT-176, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 37 p. [ Download pdf]
    • Itami, R.M. 1985. Level of Sustainable Activity: Moving Visitor Simulation from Description to Management for an Urban Waterway in Australia. In: Gimblett, H.R. & H. Skov-Petersen (eds) Monitoring, Simulation and Management of Visitor Landscapes. University of Arizona Press. (Forthcoming). 2008.[ Download pdf]

     

    Readings – October

    • Cole, D. N. Monitoring and Management of Recreation in Protected Areas: the Contributions and Limitations of Science. In: Sievänen, Tuija, Erkkonen, Joel, Jokimäki, Jukka, Saarinen, Jarkko, Tuulentie, Seija & Virtanen, Eija (eds.). Policies, methods and tools for visitor management – proceedings of the second International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, June 16–20, 2004, Rovaniemi, Finland.[Download pdf]
    • Muhar, A., A. Arnberger & C. Brandenburg. Methods for Visitor Monitoring in Recreational and Protected Areas: An Overview. In: Arnberger, A; Brandenburg, C. and Muhar, A. (eds.). Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas. Proceedings of the Conference held at Bodenkultur University Vienna, Austria, January 30 – February 02, 2002. Institute for Landscape Architecture and Landscape Management, Bodenkultur University, Vienna. (The entire session).[Download pdf]
    • Landres, P., S. Boutcher, L. Merigliano, C. Barns, D. Davis, T. Hall, S. Henry, B. Hunter, P. Janiga, M. Laker, A. McPherson, D. Powell, M. Rowan & S. Sater. Monitoring Selected Conditions Related to Wilderness Character: A National Framework. Gen Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-151. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. April 2005. [Download pdf]
    • Ross, J. Visitor Counters in Parks: Management Practice for Counter Calibration. Department of Conservation Technical Series. New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. November 2005. [Download pdf]
    • Watson, A. E. Why is it Important to Monitor Social Conditions in Wilderness. In D. Lime (eds). Managing America’s Enduring Wilderness Resource.Tourism Center Minnesota Extension Service and Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. September 11-14, 1989. [Download pdf]
    • Dawson. C. Monitoring Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude. International Journal of Wilderness. Volume 10, Number 3. December 2004.[Download pdf]

     

    Readings – October

    • Leung, Y & J. Marion. Recreation Impacts and Management in Wilderness: A State-of-Knowledge Review. In: Cole, David N.; McCool, Stephen F.; Borrie, William T.; O’Loughlin, Jennifer, comps. 2000. Wilderness science in a time of change conference— Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; 1999 May 23–27; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. [ Download pdf]
    • Cole. D. N. Wilderness campsite monitoring methods: a sourcebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-259. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 1989. 57 p.[ Download pdf]

    Additional Readings

    • Cessford, C. R. 2002. Perception and Reality of Conflict: Walkers and Mountain Bikes on the Queen Charlotte Track in New Zealand. In: Arnberger, A; Brandenburg, C. and Muhar, A. (eds.). Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas. Proceedings of the Conference held at Bodenkultur University Vienna, Austria, January 30 – February 02, 2002. Institute for Landscape Architecture and Landscape Management, Bodenkultur University, Vienna. [ Download pdf]
    • Cole, D. N. Monitoring and Management of Recreation in Protected Areas: the Contributions and Limitations of Science. In: Sievänen, Tuija, Erkkonen, Joel, Jokimäki, Jukka, Saarinen, Jarkko, Tuulentie, Seija & Virtanen, Eija (eds.). Policies, methods and tools for visitor management – proceedings of the second International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, June 16–20, 2004, Rovaniemi, Finland. [ Download pdf]

     

    Readings – November

    • Watson. A. Goal Interference and Social Value Differences: Understanding Wilderness Conflicts and Implications for Managing Social Density. Pg 62-67. In: Visitor Use Density and Wilderness Experience: Proceedings. Missoula, Montana, June 1-3, 2000. Gen Tech. Rep. RMRS-P-20. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. August 2001.[Download pdf]
    • Ivy M. I., W.P. Stewart & C. Lue. 1992. Exploring the Role of Tolerance in Recreational Conflict. Journal of Leisure Research, Vol 24, No 4, pp 348-360. [Download pdf]
    • Jacob, B.R. & R. Schreyer. 1980. Conflict in Outdoor Recreation: A Theoretical Perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp 368-380.[Download pdf]

    Additional Readings

    • Manning, R.E. 2002.How much is too much? Carrying Capacity of National Parks and Protected Areas In: Arnberger, A; Brandenburg, C. and Muhar, A. (eds.). Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas. Proceedings of the Conference held at Bodenkultur University Vienna, Austria, January 30 – February 02, 2002. Institute for Landscape Architecture and Landscape Management, Bodenkultur University, Vienna.[Download pdf]
    • Stewart, W. P. & D. Cole. Number of Encounters and Experience Quality in Grand Canyon Backcountry: Consistently Negative and Weak Relationships. Journal of Leisure Research 2001, Vol. 33, No. 1. pp 106-120. [Download pdf]
    • Stewart, W. P. & D. Cole. On the Perspective Utility of Visitor Survey Research: A Rejoinder to Manning. Journal of Leisure Research 2003, Vol. 35, No. 1. pp. 119-127. [Download pdf]

     

    Readings -  November

    • Cole. D. Simulation of Recreational use in Backcountry Settings: An Aid to Management Planning. In: Arnberger, A; Brandenburg, C. and Muhar, A. (eds.). Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas. Proceedings of the Conference held at Bodenkultur University Vienna, Austria, January 30 – February 02, 2002. Institute for Landscape Architecture and Landscape Management, Bodenkultur University, Vienna. [Download pdf]
    • Cole. D. Travel Simulation Modeling: An Emerging Tool for Visitor Management in Wilderness. International Journal of Wilderness Volume 10, Number 3, December 2004. [ Download pdf]
    • Itami, R. M., G. S. MacLaren, K. M. Hirst, R. J. Raulings & H. R. Gimblett. RBSIM 2: Simulating human behavior in National Parks in Australia: Integrating GIS and Intelligent Agents to predict recreation conflicts in high use natural environments. Journal of Nature Conservation 11, 2003. pgs. 278-186.[Download pdf]
    • Gimblett, H. R. Modelling 2005. Human-Landscape Interactions in Spatially Complex Settings: Where are we and where are we going? Keynote Address paper and presentation. In Zerger, A. and Argent, R.M. (eds) MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, December 2005, pp. 11-20. ISBN: 0-9758400-2-9. (paper). [Download pdf]
    • Elands, B. & R. van Marwijk. 2005. Expressing recreation quality through simulation models: useful management tool or wishful thinking? Paper presented at the 11th International Symposium on Society and Natural Resource Management, June 16-19, 2005. Östersund , Sweden. [Download pdf]

    Additional Readings

    • Lawson, S., R.M. Itami, H.R. Gimblett & R. Manning. Monitoring and Managing Recreational Use in Backcountry Landscapes Using Computer-Based Simulation Modeling.In: Arnberger, A; Brandenburg, C. and Muhar, A. (eds.). Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas. Proceedings of the Conference held at Bodenkultur University Vienna, Austria, January 30 – February 02, 2002. Institute for Landscape Architecture and Landscape Management, Bodenkultur University, Vienna. [Download pdf]
    • Manning, R., R. M. Itami, D. Cole & H. R. Gimblett. 2005. Overview of Recreation Simulation Modeling Approaches and Methods. Pgs. 11 –15. In: Cole, David N. (compiler). Computer Simulation Modeling of Recreation Use: Current Status, Case Studies, and Future Directions. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-143. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. September 2005. Pgs 75.[Download PDF]
    • Gimblett, H. R., S. Cable, D. Cole & R. M. Itami. 2005. Recreation Visitation and Impacts in the Bighorn Crags Portion of the Frank Church – River of No Return Wilderness. Pgs. 18 –21. In: Cole, David N. (compiler). Computer Simulation Modeling of Recreation Use: Current Status, Case Studies, and Future Directions. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-143. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. September 2005. Pgs 75.[Download PDF]
    • Gimblett, H.R., R. M. Itami & S. Cable. 2005. Recreation Visitation in Misty Fjords National Monument in the Tongass National Forest. Pgs. 22 –26. In: Cole, David N. (compiler). Computer Simulation Modeling of Recreation Use: Current Status, Case Studies, and Future Directions. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-143. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. September 2005. Pgs 75.[Download PDF]
    • Gimblett, H. R. 2005. Simulation of Recreation Use Along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park. Pgs. 27 –30. In: Cole, David N. (compiler). Computer Simulation Modeling of Recreation Use: Current Status, Case Studies, and Future Directions. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-143. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. September 2005. Pgs 75.[Download PDF]
    • Lawson, S., R.M. Itami, H.R. Gimblett & R. Manning. 2005.John Muir Wilderness: Describing the Spatial Distribution of Backpacking Use on a System of Trails and Campsites. Pgs. 31 –35. In: Cole, David N. (compiler). Computer Simulation Modeling of Recreation Use: Current Status, Case Studies, and Future Directions. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-143. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. September 2005. Pgs 75.[Download PDF]

     

    Examples of class papers

    ·         Grand Canyon National Park Origins [ Download pdf]

    ·         Ecotourism and its Effects on Protected Areas [ Download pdf]

    ·         Recreational Conflict Examples in Prince William Sounds, Alaska [ Download pdf]

    ·         Behavioral Environmental Theories and a Gender Equity Toolbox [ Download pdf]

    ·         U.S. Forest Service: A Review [ Download pdf]

    ·         Access To Public Lands X-9 Ranch [ Download pdf]

    ·         Minority Participation in Outdoor Recreation [ Download pdf]

    ·         Park Management in Zambia [ Download pdf]

    ·         Social Inclusion Through Recreation [ Download pdf]

    ·         Exxon Valdez Impacts Conflicts Management [ Download pdf]

    ·         Picture Rocks [ Download pdf]

    ·         Birding Trails: Working to Alleviate Impacts on the Environment [ Download pdf]

    ·         Conflicts On the Range: The Management of Multiple Uses on Rangelands [ Download pdf]